Topic to be decided summative assessment for master of midwifery Essay

Topic to be decided summative assessment for master of midwifery research methods - Essay ExampleHowever, it is worthy to note from the onset that there exist a good number of differences mingled with the twain study approaches. The earth of similarities is also another feature that this paper will attempt to bring out. It should be noted however that this paper gives precedence to the medical field specifically on midwifery and nursing. This paper attempts to look at what differentiates the two and at the same time what distances the two approaches. In this paper, the attempt is made to draw the distinctions between the two approaches. The paper will also present arguments as to why the two can be used on a complimentary exceed as opposed to ignorance amongst them. In this paper the blending need will also be explored.A good medical research recognizes the interdependent record between qualitative and quantitative research methods of inquiry. Unfortunately, having made the rea lization that the two methodological paradigms are quite complimentary, there exist a few stumbling blocks that defend their application impossible due to some difference.To begin with, qualitative and quantitative approaches to research often use different sets of assumptions. These differences run across the fact that the two methods assumptions and world views are antagonistically orchestrated. To add more to this, their ways of learning differ significantly. A closer look into these assumptions delivers a view that portrays them as ineluctably irreconcilable. This may explain why researchers are more often asked to focus on one of the methods while engaging in any kind of research. This is taught to discontinue them the freedom and the comfort to handle their daily learning and study activities. This may be the reason why the different exponents of the approaches appear to lean to their choice of approaches with miniscule or complete disregard to the other. In that respect, the two approaches are rarely

American Government Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Government - Research Paper Exampleticle overtakeling the roles of the house and the senate, the second article providing for the powers and responsibilities of the president, the vice president and the departments, while the third article caters for the duties and authorities of the federal and the supreme courts. The system of checking the powers is enhanced through and through having one arm of the government limit the powers of the other.The system of checks and balances can be present by the nature of relationships between these arms of the government. The executive is authorized to constitute the judiciary through having the president appoint judges. The legislature on the other hand is mandated to approve or disapprove the appointments made by the president. This way, there is a participation of each arm of the government in such decision making, ensuring that no arm exercises excessive powers over the others (Kilman and Costello, 56). The other nature of a relation ship is that while the legislature, through the congress passes a law, the executive, through the president can nix such a law (Kilman and Costello, 58). Further, the judiciary can rule on the unconstitutionality of a law passed by the legislature, but the legislature can avert this through initiating the amendment of the constitution to suit such laws, if deemed necessary for the state. Thus, the separation of powers ensures that each arm is accountable to the others and by extension the whole republic (Kilman and Costello, 79).The process of passing a bill into a law includes the introduction of such a bill by the congress. The bill can either emanate from the senate or the house of representative, with the individual introducing it becoming the sponsor (Kilman and Costello, 107). The introduced bill is then passed on to a selected committee of the senate or the house, depending on the nature and the rules of the process, for consideration. From here it can be passed on to subco mmittees for that review. The next stage after the

The Different Strategy Hierarchies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Different Strategy Hierarchies - Essay ExampleOne of the organizations known to practice pecking order management scheme is the Al-Qaida rebel groups. Organizations deploy unalike strategies as a way of enhancing their competitiveness in the industry. It is not a surprise that many organizations are still committed to hierarchy management strategy where key strategic decisions are conceived at the head-quarter by the top management organs while the execution of the tasks is delegated to lower levels. According to Williamson (1975 pp.67), social organization is not achievable in without hierarchy in the social set-up. He argued that hierarchy is fundamental in reducing the transaction costs. Since firms operate on a cost-minimization principle, the hierarchy is key to cost efficiency. Grint (2010 pp.43) asserts that for symbolic reasons, the hierarchy is critical since it is founded on the connotation orders of the Holy Sovereignty. Child (2009 pp.502) reasoned that organizatio nal hierarchy is an integrating principle that enhances bodied goal orientation and strategy for distributing privileges through the creation of social differentiation in power, status, and reward. This hierarchy mode deviates from the traditional hierarchy that rooted for coercive and of import leadership and management styles characterized by top decision makers. Although it retains a few features of Tayloristic flavor, it is more enabling and also revises a number of clauses in Taylorism such as obedient execution by the employees. Porous-hierarchy, therefore, deviates from the traditional and dominant version that is founded on hierarchical power and bureaucracies.

Research for the Financial Risk Management Problems of Small and Literature review

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ECommerce Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ECommerce Coursework - Essay ExampleTurban et al have compared the internet economy to the ecosystem in nature because the users find their own ship canal and means to generate profits and service the customers. They create an environment conducive to attract the customers and suppliers and make changes as the situation demands. Today the internet has scores of online moving ines business-to-business (B2B), business-to-customer (B2C) and customer-to-customer (C2C) and has definite advantages over the traditional way of transacting business (Amit and Zott 2000). However, the internet ecosystem has a business model that has enhanced the value mountain chain and eliminated the dis-intermediaries.There are various business models that operate on the internet each having its own advantages and benefits for the participants. This is because the internet is an open and non-proprietary platform for collaboration and communication. It has allowed free information sharing and close connectio ns with customers and among supply chain or business ecosystems partners information systems (Lee and Vonortas 2003). This results in benefits like real time pricing, flexible products and services, low cost of distribution as the intermediaries can be eliminated. The huge reach and the richness of the information can be maintained between the ecosystem partners. The digital assets for a firm include the information about the customers whereby they are commensurate to provide value across different markets. Information is a source of revenue for the digital economy and this enhances transparency. Business offer virtual online stores where the customers can call in stores, compare prices and take an informed decision. In the digital world keeping pace with the change that is taking place is important and firms must learn to conciliate to the changing business environments.Today there are definite value drivers of e-commerce, which refers to any factor that enhances the

Executive Summary Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Executive Summary Memo - Assignment ExampleWe also hope to become the most desired tourist destination both for the domestic and international tourists.In future, we plan to relocate to the central business development which we believe ordain provide us with an advantageous place. The tax incentives will give money to establish another business (Tracy, 2000). We are aggressively planning to increase the sales in the second year by about 55%. By creating a new bakery, Olympia Bakery will increase its sales volume by at least $240,000 over the bordering three years while maintaining the gross margin of 77%.Through the doctrine of all is possible regarding the products and services, Olympia Bakery will establish itself as an exceptional dessert supplier in the larger Michigan. We will gain a competitive advantage in take out. The summary outlines the concept philosophy and financial forecasted financials.Olympia Bakery is a hospitality company that is dedicated to providing high qual ity products in free and fair atmosphere for the clients within and without the city. Our intention is to make profit and return to our investors to continue financing our company. We strive to maintain friendly and fair relationships (Pinson, 2004). In addition we maintain creative work environment with respect to culture diversity, ideas and handwork of the membersThis information is necessary for the customer and the potential financier to our bakery. This information informs the customer of the company stand and is potential in the future. It fuck be found online at

Tourism Management Essay Example for Free

Tourism Management EssayAn immenseness- public presentation analysis of hotel endurance instruments in the Hong Kong hotel manufacturing a comparison of business and empty travellers Raymond K.S. Chu, Tat Choi*Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Peoples Republic of China Received 16 December 1998 accepted 3 February 1999Abstract utilize an ImportancePerformance epitome (IPA), this paper probed business and leisure travellers perceived importance and performance of six hotel selection factors in the Hong Kong hotel industry. The six hotel selection factors identied were function Quality, Business Facilities, Value, Room and Front Desk, Food and entertainment, and Security. Both business and leisure travellers held the same perceptions towards all the six hotel selection factors.The IPA grids illust tempod that the Value factor fell into the boil down Here quadrant Service Quality, Room and Front Desk and Security in the go for Up the Good Work quadrant and Business Facilities and Food and Recreation in the Low Priority quadrant. Room and Front Desk and Security were gear up to be the determining factors for business and leisure travellers, respectively, in their hotel survival of the fittest selection. Implications for Hong Kong hoteliers and researchers were discussed. 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. each rights reserved. Keywords ImportancePerformance Analysis Hotel selection factors Business and leisure travellers1. Introduction 1.1. The Hong Kong hotel and tourism industry Hong Kong has long been Asias most popular tourist coating. The total visitor arrivals for 1996 reached a record of 11.7 million, representing a remarkable 14.7 per penny growth over 1995, with HK$84.5 billion (US$10.8 billion) owing into the Special Administrative Regions economy in foreign deepen earnings. The 14.7 per cent growth rate in 1996 out-performed the wo rld average of 4.5 per cent, as well as the average growth rates for East Asia/Pacic and South Asia, with 7.9 per cent and 4.0 per cent respectively (WTO, 1997). In addition, approximately 8 per cent of Hong Kongs GrossDomestic Product (GDP) is attri bargonlyable to tourism (HKTA, 1998). However, since the beginning of 1997, Hong Kongs inbound tourism industry has experiencedan unprecedented decline. As illustrated in Table 1, the Hong Kong Tourist Association (HKTA) revealed that the numbers of visitors declined from 11.7 million in 1996 to 10.4 million in 1997, representing a 12 per cent fall (HKTA, 1998). The fall in visitor arrivals has been aggravated by the regional currency turmoil, which has made Hong Kong an expensive destination to travel in comparison with different Southeast Asian regions (Poole, 1997).The depreciation of the Thai baht, the Indonesian rupiah, the Malaysian ringgit, and the Philippine peso has inevitably attracted international travellers who prefer to s eek bar recognise visits to these cheaper destinations. Hong Kong is now considered less(prenominal) vacation-friendly than previously as high ination has driven up prices. In 1989, 60 per cent of travellers rated shopping in Hong Kong as above average in place for money, but in 1993 the number fell be small(a) 45 per cent (HKTA, 1998). In the early 1990s, Hong Kong suered from a relatively high ination rate of about 10 per cent per annum as a result of an increase in labour and land costs.This paper attempts to find out both the importance and performance of hotel selection factors in the Hong Kong hotel industry using the ImportancePerformance Analysis (IPA) model. More specically, the paper intends to compare perceptions of business and leisure travellers, in terms of importance and performance of hotel selection factors. By identifying the needs, desires and expectations of dierent segments, hoteliers will be in a better position to develop tailor-made marketing strategies to cater for their target customers and to get through belligerent advantages.Source Adapted from A Statistical Review of Tourism, Hong Kong Tourist Association (1998).2. Literature review cent per annum in recent years (Hueng, 1997). The locomote cost of accommodation in Hong Kong and the dwindling number of shopping bargains are continuously aecting the Hong Kong tourism industry (Brevetti, 1995). Such price ination threatens Hong Kongs temper as a Shopping Paradise. Looking at the visitor prole, in particular at a comparison of business and leisure travellers, there appears to take away not much signicant change between the two groups. The leisure segment has constituted almost 60 per cent of total visitor arrivals to Hong Kong over the last(prenominal) ten years, while the business segment contributed up to 30 per cent of total visitor arrivals over the same period (see Table 1). Regarding the hotel industry in Hong Kong, room rates adjudge long been considered as the prime factor that adds to the cost of a trip, contributing to tourism downturn (Beck, 1997 Schloss, 1997). Schloss (1997) reported that Hong Kong hotels are much expensive to stay in than in Tokyo hotels, even when they oer discounts.Beck (1997) mentioned that Hong Kong hotels are too expensive and that thehigh cost is the single factor that continues to aect tourism in Hong Kong seriously. Research studies grant shown that satisfaction with hotel properties, including services, facilities and price, appears to be one of the major factors leading to the success and repeat patronage of the destination (Shih, 1986 Stevens, 1992). To be successful in business, one must understand how customers perceive the product or service attributes, their importance and performance when compared with other competitors. The importance of world competitive and oering competitive advantage has been recognised for some years. In the hotel environment, where competition dominates, hoteliers must study the strengths and weaknesses of the product or service they provide and accurately dene their importance and performance.To maintain Hong Kongs present status as one of the worlds most attractive tourist destinations, hoteliers 2.1. ImportancePerformance Analysis ImportancePerformance Analysis (IPA) conceptually underlies the multi-attribute models that date back to the late 1970s. Martilla and James (1977) applied the IPA technique to analyse the performance of the automobile industry. Hawes, Kiser and Rao (1982) and Hawes and Rao (1985) utilize the IPA concept in retirement communities and wellness care applications. Sethna (1982) found the IPA technique to be a valid and powerful technique for identifying service property areas that require remedial strategic actions. The underlying premise of the IPA technique is that customers level of satisfaction with the attributes is mainly derived from their expectations and judgment of the products or services performance.IPA has become a popular managerial tool that has been broadly used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of brands, products, services and retail establishments in various industries in recent years (Chapman, 1993 Cheron, McTavish Perrien, 1989). Hemmasi, Strong and Taylor (1994) measured the service quality of hospital services using IPA as an alternative to the traditional SERVQUAL instrument devised by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1988). While Evans and Chon (1989) used the IPA to formulate and evaluate tourism policy, Keyt, Yavas and Riecken (1994) and Hsu, Byun and Yang (1997) adopted the IPA technique in restaurant positioning.Lewis (1985) used the IPA as a competitive analysis technique to identify tourists perceptions of the hotel industry. Lewis and Chambers (1989) reported the eective use of IPA by the Sheraton Hotel in monitoring customer satisfaction. Almanza, Jaeand Lin (1994) used the IPA matrix to determine means for improving customer satisfaction. Martin (1995) examined se rvice providers perceptions of customers expectations of quality service in the hotel industry using the IPA technique. In an increasingly competitive environment, a determination of the strengths and weaknesses of a fetch high levels of performance in relation to these activities. In the Low Priority quadrant, attributes have low importance and low performance. Although performance levels may be low in this cell, managers should not be overly concerned since the attributes in this cell are not perceived to be genuinely historic. Limited resources should be expended on this low priority cell. Lastly, the Possible Overkill quadrant contains attributes of low importance, but of relatively high performance.Respondents are satised with the performance of the organisations, but managers should consider present eorts on the attributes of this cell as being overutilised (Evans and Chon, 1989 Hemmasi, Strong Taylor, 1994 Keyt et al., 1994 Martilla James, 1977 Martin, 1995). Fig. 1. Impo rtancePerformance Analysis grid. quarter-circle I Attributes are perceived to be very important to respondents, but performance levels are fairly low. This sends a direct message that improvement eorts should concentrate here. Quadrant II Attributes are perceived to be very important to respondents, and at the same time, the organisation seems to have high levels of performance on these activities.The message here is To Keep up the Good Work. Quadrant III Attributes are with low importance and low performance. Although performance levels may be low in this cell, managers should not be overly concerned since the attribute in this cell is not perceived to be very important. Limited resources should be expended on this low priority cell. Quadrant IV This cell contains attributes of low importance, but relatively high performance. Respondents are satised with the performance of the organisations, but managers should consider present eorts on the attributes of this cell as being overutil ised.2.2. Perceived importance and performance of attributes Attribute importance is generally regarded as a persons general assessment of the signicance of an attribute for a product. Many studies have attempted to analyse customer satisfaction in terms of both expectations that relate to certain important attributes and judgments of the attribute performance (Myers Alpers, 1968 Swan Coombs, 1976). However, there appears to have been diverse conclusions made about how one should relate attribute importance and performance. The concept of importance is viewed by customers the same as satisfaction (Barsky, 1992 Rosenberg, 1956). When a customer perceives an attribute as important, the customer will believe that the attribute will play a signicant role in inuencing his or her product survival (MacKenzie, 1986).More recently, the term importance has been used to refer to the perceived importance of an attribute and its eect on product or service quality (Carman, 1990). Lilien, Kotle r and Moorthy (1993) dened the term important attributes as those considered important by consumers, and that the various brands or products are perceived to dier. Hemmasi et al. (1994), however, stated that performance lies in customer perceptions of performance of the attribute.Thus, the more favourable the perception of performance, the greater the likelihood of the choice from among similar alternatives. Therefore, it is strategically important for hoteliers to understand and to identify the product (or service) attributes perceived by customers as important, and to examine how customers perceive these product (or service) attributes. It is also very likely that a customers favourable post-purchase experience may lead him or her to repurchase if the customer is satised with the hotel performance. 2.3. Hotel attributes in hotel choice selection Those attributes directly inuencing choice are determining(prenominal) attributes they may arouse consumers purchase intentions and die rentiate from competitors oeringsproducts or services importance and performance seems an required constituent of success.The interpretation of the IPA is graphically presented on a grid divided into tetrad quadrants. Fig. 1 illustrates the IPAgrid. The -axis reports the customers perceived importance of selected attributes, and the X-axis shows the products (or services) performance in relation to these attributes. The four identiable quadrants are Concentrate Here, Keep Up the Good Work, Low Priority and Possible Overkill. In the Concentrate Here quadrant, attributes are perceived to be very important to respondents, but performance levels are seen as fairly low. This sends a direct message that improvement eorts should concentrate here. In the Keep Up the Good Work quadrant, attributes are perceived to be very important to respondents, and at the same time, the organisation seems to(Alpert, 1971). The services and facilities oered by a hotel, or hotel attributes, are those feat ures of products or services that lead consumers to choose one product over others (Lewis, 1983).Wuest, Tas and Emenheiser (1996) dened perceptions of hotel attributes as the degree to which travellers nd various services and facilities important to customers satisfaction. Atkinson (1988) found that cleanliness of the accommodation, followed by safety and security, accommodation value for money, courtesy and helpfulness of sta were identied as top attributes for travellers in hotel choice selection. Wilensky and Buttle (1988) mentioned that personal service, physical attractiveness, opportunities for relaxation, standard of services, appealing image, and value for money were signicantly evaluated by travellers.Rivers, Toh and Alaoui (1991) examined the hotel selection decisions of members and non-members of frequent guest programs. Their results showed that convenience of location and overall service received the highest ratings. Ananth, DeMicco, Moreo and Howey (1992) surveyed 510 travellers, asking them to rate the importance of 57 hotel attributes in hotel choice decision. The results showed that price and quality was rated as the most important attribute across all age categories, followed by attributes related to security and convenience of location. LeBlanc and Nguyen (1996), in particular, examined the ve hotel factors that may signal a hotels image to travellers. These ve factors were physical environment,corporate identity, service personnel, quality of services and accessibility. They suggested that marketing eorts should be directed to highlight the environmental cues in order to attract new customers.An extensive review of the literature for the hospitality industry suggests that attributes such as cleanliness, location, room rate, security, service quality, and the reputation of the hotel have been considered by most tourists in hotel choice decision (Ananth, DeMicco, Moreo Howey, 1992 Atkinson, 1988 Barsky Labagh, 1992 Cadotte Turgeon, 1988 Kn utson, 1988 LeBlanc Nguyen, 1996 Lewis, 1984,1985 Marshall, 1993 McCleary, Weaver Hutchinson, 1993 Rivers, Toh Alaoui, 1991 Wilensky Buttle, 1988).2.4. Hotel attributes as perceived by business and leisure travellers Many studies have looked into a comparison between business and leisure travellers in their hotel selection criteria. These studies indicated that the important attributes aecting business travellers hotel choices were cleanliness and location (Lewis Chambers, 1989 McCleary et al., 1993 Taninecz, 1990), whereas security, personal interactions, and room rates were considered as important by their leisure counterparts (Clow, Garretson Kurtz, 1994 Lewis, 1985 Marshall, 1993 Parasuraman et al., 1988). Taninecz (1990) found that cleanliness,comfort of mattresses and pillows, and quality of towels received the highest ratings from business travellers. Lewis and Chambers (1989) and McCleary et al. (1993) also found that location was the most important factor inuencing ho tel selection by all business travellers. However, they argued that a hotels catering facilities were not important in hotel selection, as there are often many alternative dine choices nearby.Leisure travellers seem to be more concerned with room rates and value in their initial hotel selection (Lewis, 1985). Parasuraman et al. (1988) found that the quality of personal interactions with employees was a critical component of the service quality evaluation. Employees service quality has been cited as important to leisure travellers when selecting overnight accommodation (Parasuraman et al., 1988). Knutson (1988) mentioned that leisure travellers were mainly concerned with a hotels safety and security. This concern might stem from the idea that leisure trips often involve families, and these travellers have a high sensitivity to what may occur more or less them when their familiesare involved. Marshall (1993) and Clow et al. (1994) revealed that security was cited as one of the most i mportant criteria in selecting a hotel. Tourists want to be safe and unspoilt in their accommodation, and are willing to pay for this.The safety and security system may dierentiate one property from its competition, hence becoming a competitive strategy that helps a hotel to gain tourists condence and trust. Ananth et al. (1992) found that leisure travellers were likely to express concern with regard to a hotels reputation and name familiarity. Other studies have suggested that some hotel attributes are seen as important by both business and leisure travellers. Knutson (1988) examined the dierences between business and leisure travellers in an attempt to determine the attributes that initially attract these two types of travellers to a hotel, and that forge them back.Her ndings suggested that the following factors were considered by both business and leisure travellers when selecting a hotel for the rst time or for repeat patronage (1) clean, comfortable, well-maintained rooms, (2 ) convenient location, (3) prompt and courteous service, (4) safe and secure environment, and (5) friendly and courteous employees. Lewis (1984,1985) tested 66 hotel attributes to determine the basis of hotel selection by 1314 business and leisure travellers in six hotels.The ndings showed that location and price were the determinant attributes for hotel selection for both business and leisure travellers. Cadotte and Turgeon (1988) examined data from members of the AH MA (American Hotel Motel Association) on the relative frequency of 26 categories of congratulate. Survey results found that the ve most frequent compliments were (1) helpful attitude of employees, (2) cleanliness of establishment, (3) neatness of establishment, (4) quality of service, and (5) employee knowledge of service.